9/28/2023 0 Comments Kingdom hearts 2 iso rom![]() ![]() ![]() The upgrades made to Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories include: a fully 3D render the Kingdom Hearts II reaction commands system additional cards and boss battles full voice acting in Japanese for all scenes and the fact that the game save data has an effect on Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+. Kingdom Hearts HD I.5 + II.5 ReMIX is an HD remastered collection of 6 unforgettable Kingdom Hearts experiences available for the first. Cactus huggers photography Dvd-vx 3 noviembre de 1957 Jp4300 Next kingdom hearts. To patch: Extract the patcher and patch in the same directory as your iso. Translation Description: English patch of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix by Xeeynamo. The trio awakens from their sleep and goes to Twilight Town. Game Description: Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix + is a role playing game for the PlayStation 2. ![]() Fixed IOP crashes occurring randomly in Shadow Hearts 2. 2 John 2 The frames artwork Barisspor idstein Best independent comics. Developer : Square Enix Publisher : Square Enix Weekly games : 25 Par Danael1431 : 29 octobre 2011 75 5 /5 Sora, Donald, and Goofy are back in the third installment (second for PS2) of the Kingdom Hearts series, continuing where Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories left off. The improvements made to Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+ include an English voice cast, adjustments to all difficulty modes as well as the addition of a new “Serious Mode” difficulty, new regions and redesigned navigation maps, new scenes from the Japanese Manga, new boss battles against the enigmatic Organization XIII, one of the fights that was a cut-scene in the original game is now playable, and all previously censored parts of the game have been removed. Play is a PlayStation2 emulator for Windows, macOS, UNIX, Android, iOS & web browser platforms. Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+ was only made available in Japanese territories. Also included in this 2-disc set is a 3D PS2 version remake of Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories known as Kingdom Heart Re:Chain of Memories with additional scenes and voice-overs for specific scenes. This version of Kingdom Hearts II, known as Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+, is an updated re-release of the original Kingdom Hearts II. ![]()
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9/28/2023 0 Comments Bitwarden custom fields![]() ![]() However, this password generation tool is not integrated into the vault. Password generatorĪlthough both providers offer a password generator, it is implemented quite differently in each tool.īitwarden has an excellent free online tool to generate strong passwords and passphrases. Combined with AES 256-bit, this encryption method provides military and bank-grade security, trusted globally. What is different, PassCamp additionally deploys the RSA-4096 data encryption method to protect users’ data. Extra security featuresĪlso, both password managers offer additional safety features that can now be expected from a modern password management tool: Cloud storage of a reliable provider is usually more secure than a personal local network. ![]() Yet, for tech-savvy users, this might not necessarily mean a benefit. Cloud storageīitwarden additionally provides a local storage option. Encryption and decryption happen at a user device – sensitive data is never transmitted via the network. In short, this security method ensures that no data can be accessed or revealed to any unauthorized party (even the providers). Both tools protect users’ data with the most reliable 256-bit AES encryption algorithm.īesides, both providers offer safe cloud storage, protected with Zero-knowledge proof. An almost equal level of security in both tools Encryptionīoth PassCamp and Bitwarden are recognized password managers for their security infrastructure. In this review, both PassCamp and Bitwarden are going to be compared following these central aspects:Īfter that, the verdict on whether or not PassCamp can be regarded as a satisfactory Bitwarden alternative will be drawn. This makes the two tools worth a closer look. In the latest Software Reviews comparison of password managers, the two tools – PassCamp and Bitwarden – appeared in the first and second places, with a slight difference of 0,1 point. Bitwarden has two variations: personal (consists of 4 plans) and business ( Teams and Enterprise).Ĭan PassCamp be considered an effective Bitwarden alternative? How are these two tools similar and different? Which one to pick? PassCamp vs. ![]() It offers personal ( Free and Premium) and business plans ( Teams and Enterprise).īitwarden is a cheap, open-source password manager that includes safe password storage and a variety of features. PassCamp is a secure, cloud-based password manager that provides easy and affordable data management. For example, regex=^first.*name will offer auto-fill for firstName, First_name, and First Name.Comparison Is PassCamp an effective Bitwarden alternative? Regex: Prefixing your custom field's name with regex= allows you to perform regular expression comparisons when auto-fill is performed. ![]() There are two cases in which you can exercise more control over matching by using prefixes:Ĭsv: Prefixing your custom field's name with csv= allows you to specify multiple names to search for and compare against for auto-fill, for example csv=pin,mypin,pincode. For example, if your custom field has the name PIN:Īuto-fill is offered for pin, PiN, PIN, etc.Īuto-fill is not offered for pin2 or mypin HTML form element's placeholder attribute.įield name matching is an exact and case-insensitive comparison. HTML form element's aria-label attribute. If you are naming a custom field manually, you should use one of the following HTML form element attributes/values in order of preference: More about custom field names Order of preference ![]() 9/28/2023 0 Comments Mother and son fairy forest![]() ![]() If you have a Brownie living with you, then you should keep your house nice and tidy. They’re a kind of magical magnet for luck. When Brownies stick with a family for a while and are generally happy, they will bring good luck to the household. To them, this means the people who work the hardest and who most need extra help. However, Brownies are never slaves and can leave a family or property anytime.īrownies are drawn towards the most deserving families. Rowling definitely got some inspiration for house elves from Brownies. They’re super earthly! In fact, when they don’t have a family, they tend to live underground because they don’t have wings. They tended to do outdoor tasks during the night such as shoveling hay, feeding the sheep, etc.īrownies are short (at about 3 feet tall) and have pointed ears, brown complexions, and brown working clothes. Originally, Brownies were known as helpers for farmers. They originated in Scottish folklore, although they popped up in English and German folklore at times, too. I included all of the types of fae that I know the most about, but as my knowledge expands, I will add more types of fairies to this list! Browniesīrownies are your typical household spirit. The courts generally run the “world” of fairy. The first are the types of fae that you’re most likely to interact with. After all, there are way more types than I could even include on this list, with many different distinctions and classifications.Īs a beginner, you should definitely learn about Brownies, Pixies, Elves, and Dryads, as well as the Seelie Court and Unseelie Court. ![]() If you’re just starting to learn about the different types of fae and fairies then you can quickly feel overwhelmed. Related: Everything You Need To Know About The Fae Folk Types Of Fairies: It’s good to first learn about the different types of fairies and do a bit of research into the type you want to work with before beginning. You can learn from fairies and gain magickal powers, but you can also incur their wrath if they feel slighted or you can be tricked if you encounter a mischievous member of the fae. However, working with fairies is pretty advanced and you do need to be careful. They live on earth, in our world, but aren’t always in the same dimension/on the same plane.įairies are neither good nor bad. In general, most types of fae seem to exist near humans but are separate and distinct. They’re always present in the elements and are the caretakers of nature.Īnother says that fairies are spirits of the dead, however this belief sprang up during Victorian times when “death” became a huge part of pop culture spirituality. One such legend says that fairies are simply nature spirits. There are many different legends that try to explain the origination of farieis. Where Did Fairies (the Fae) Originate From? Fairies typically travel in groups according to the element they’re tied to. Some fairies can belong to more than one element, but this is rare. For example, pixies tend to be earth fairies, while salamanders tend to be fire fairies. Many types of fairies consider themselves tied to one element. Plus, most fairies seem to call themselves by these names! This is simply the best way we have to classify fairies. Their rules are different and they don’t always classify themselves in a way that’s easy for us to understand. It’s sort of like calling yourself a human but also identifying yourself based on the country you’re a citizen of.īecause the fairy world is different from ours, not every type of fairy is so clearly defined. Every type of fairy on this list is technically part of the fae folk but has a more specific name, too. ![]() Certain types of fairies are much more human-friendly than others.įairy, faerie, or fae is the general world for the fae folk, which includes many different types of fairies. I certainly believe that fairies exist, but there are some types that I haven’t encountered. Keep in mind that I am not personally acquainted with every type of fae on this list because there are just so many! Today I’m going over the most well-known types of fairies. There are so many types of fairies and types of fae. When you first become interested in the fae, it can be a bit overwhelming. ![]() 9/28/2023 0 Comments Tchia game pass![]() ![]() ![]() Players can experiment with an entire musical scale, strings can be plucked and chords can be tweaked, meaning you’re able to play whatever you want. Through unlockable magical tunes called Soul Melodies, Tchia can affect the world around her and unlock new items and objects to give her the edge in exploration and combat.īut if you’re looking for a fully-playable ukulele, Tchia’s go-to instrument can do just that. Though players can jam to their heart’s content whenever they want, Tchia’s ukulele also has some unique abilities. Offering a game to subscribers at launch day is more common for PlayStation’s competitor, Xbox Game Pass, than it is for PS Plus, but perhaps this is a sign of changes to come. This game combines the coziest features of. ![]() Use Tchia's special ability to take control of any animal or object you can find, and Jam on your fully playable Ukulele. Watch how players can harness the powers of Tchia’s magical ukulele with just a few strums in the latest gameplay feature for Tchia. Currently, one of the best cozy games to play on the PS5 right now is the much-loved new Disney title Dreamlight Valley. Climb, glide, swim, and sail your boat around a beautiful archipelago in this physics-driven sandbox. However, one of its most unique features is also one of its most unassuming: the ukulele. The full list of Xbox Game Pass January 2023 games is as follows: Stranded Deep January 3 (Console, PC, Cloud) Mortal Shell: Enhanced Edition. From turning the environment into the ultimate tool with her unique soul-jumping ability, to her trusty slingshot, everything at Tchia’s disposal is important and useful in moment-to-moment gameplay. ![]() ![]() I appreciate that 960kbps DD+ is only marginally better but the point was trying to provide the best work around in terms of sound quality. I’m not aware of anything that transcodes to something better than DD5.1.ĭD5.1 is DVD sound in the Atmos age. The reason I’ve gone to this bother is that DD+ is marginally better than DD5.1. My current BD player converts to DD5.1 on the fly. For instance see (a comment there also links to the Sonos community). There have been topics about this here on the Sonos forum too. Not clone or store digitally, just play and the audio is automatically converted to Dolby. This is the longer way round but you have more flexibility as the whole disc has been copied over. True (CloneBD is the best one IMO) but I wanted 1:1 copies so I could play the Dolby discs natively and if I switched to a system with DTS-HD support I had the DTS discs too. On the other hand if you want to have everything digital this is the way to go! There are also Blu-ray players that can convert on the fly seems like a much easier solution? However, for those who want to move away from physical discs this works very well. Making MKVs from Blu-ray Discs are really straight-forward but is no substitute for an “on the fly” solution or Sonos support by way of a firmware update. I don't think you can easily tell that its more comparable with “standard” 5.1 sound compared to HD sound. Please note that I had set my Zappiti (ie media player) to pass through bitstream so the sound send to the Arc via my TV was the sound played by the MKV file.ĭolby Digital Plus is quite a rare find on disc, however, it is really good, rich sound. Using Handbrake with the mixdown set to 5.1 channels (using E-AC3), the mkv produced was recognised by the Arc to be 5.1 channel Dolby Digital Plus.Īs a result, I could experience much better sound than PCM/stereo. 960kbps isn't great when we are downmixing from HD sound, but better than 640kbps. I tested this many times with many discs.Į-AC3/DD++ is better than AC3/AAC and DD5.1 as these are limited to a bitrate of 640kbps. I don’t know why 960kbps as DD+ (which the Arc supports) is up to 1.5mbps but I only got silence once I exceeded 960kbps. Re-coding to DD+ uses the E-AC3 codec and it works on the Arc with a bitrate of up to 960kbps. All other open source applications did not only to DD5.1 using AC3, with a bitrate limit of 640kbps. Why Handbrake? It was the only software which definitely converted DTS-HD to Dolby Digital Plus. ![]() To play DTS-HD, DTS5.1 or DTS I used Handbrake to create MKVs of the main movie (ie the single title on the disk-Handbrake will usually find it for you). Highly recommended Atmos film: First Man-skip to the take off scene. Really towers above the PlayBar kudos to Sonos. However, even by itself, it is very impressive. The Arc is absolutely magnificent, with a Sub and two rear Play 1s. I was able to play all Dolby encoded discs from the Hard Disk and experience TrueHD, Atmos etc. If you don’t want 1:1 copies for your media system/set up, you can skip this. I made 1:1 copies of the disc using AnyDisc and MakeMKV. I even though about returning the Arc or buying a second one to use for DTS alone, which was a bit mad.Īs it happened I just bought the Zappiti 4k system (which is amazing!!) and was in the process of transferring my BDs to it when the Arc arrived and presented this problem. ![]() Before I went this route, I looked for every transcoder, box, set-up going but there is nothing. Bit it does require you to be much more technical and basically, be capable of ‘ripping’ or copying your Blu-ray Discs. I say most with good reason, out of the 100 discs I have of the most popular and mainstream films, 80% are DTS-HD.įor the Play Bar I had a decent work around which produced DD5.1 or DD Stereo (see here: ).įor the Arc it was really annoying to have to even look for a work around, however, I think I have a solid one. So called, because, it does not support the sound encoding used on *most* Blu-ray Discs. Hello all, I thought I would share my work-around for this much derided problem: lack of support for DTS sound on Sonos’ so-called home cinema set-up. ![]() ![]() ![]() Provide the date of completion, county, and state. If it belongs to a company, the form should be signed by an authorized representative of this organization.
9/28/2023 0 Comments Ara maxima nova definition![]() ![]() 8 The global perspective of this sacrificial violence telescopes until it focuses solely upon two individuals who perform a foedus (infectum) by means of a human sacrifice in the final lines of the poem. ![]() 7 Even more significantly, Allecto’s statement at Aeneid 7 (especially in light of Jupiter’s intra-textual reference to it in Aeneid 10) suggests that the entire matrix of epic slaughter during the second half of the epic is an extended sequence of human sacrifice that continually repeats the ritual performance of a foedus (ritual oath and sacrifice of alliance) famously described by Livy at 1.24, but with the marked substitution of human blood for that of the piglet. In the same vein, the monstrum of gurgling gore spurting from Polydorus’ hidden tomb in the context of altar building at the opening of Aeneid 3 marks the limits of representational human immolation. ![]() In this sense the proximity of altars to the deaths of Orontes, Sychaeus, Priam and Pyrrhus suggests that each character represents human sacrifice in some capacity. 6 The mere presence of arae is enough to suggest that sacrificial ideology plays a role in the meaning of the episode in question. By substituting herself in place of an animal the force of the sacrificial suicide becomes all the more potent, and perhaps even essential for the fulfillment of her profound oath-curse. 5 The suicide of Dido is so entangled in the language and ritual of oath sacrifice that the text does not allow for a clear delineation between suicide and sacrifice. The death of Palinurus at the end of Aeneid 5 is the most lucid example of this representation of human sacrifice in which the divine perspective construes his death in terms of unus pro multis. 4 The poet might focalize the narrative from the perspective of the gods who demand that a human be sacrificed on behalf of the community at large. ![]() 3 The signs and codes of animal immolation are mapped upon human death in a broad range of contexts. While the sacrifices of Iphianassa in Lucretius’ de rerum natura 1.80-101 and of the children of Thyestes gruesomely depicted by Seneca offer the most representative prototypes of hostia humana in Roman literature, the literary world of the Aeneid is awash in the ritual slaughter of humans. 2 It functions essentially as a literary ritual of reversal. Roman authors utilized the ritual slaughter of a person to signal to the audience that the literary world the reader has entered is suffering from a deep social crisis that has caused a perverse inversion of normative systems of human society, which brings into focus the norms and standards of human culture. 1 The nature of the evidence necessitates that one approaches Roman human sacrifice through literary representations. 1.55.14), and Livy (22.57.6, 38.47.12) unambiguously use to describe the ritual sacrifice of a human being, the evidence for human sacrifice in Rome is scant, negative, and largely literary. 9 12-948-50: ‘Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallas/ immolat et poenam scelerato ex sanguine sumit.’ Hoc dice (.)ġ Outside of hostia humana, a phrase Cicero ( pro Fonteio, 31), Sallust ( Hist.8 7.546-547: dic in amicitiam coeant et foedera iungant./ quandoquidem Ausonio respersi sanguine Teuc (.).1), p. 47 remarks with respect to Polydorus that the episode is one of a number of (.) Panoussi (generally following H ardie, o.c. B renk, “Unum pro multis caput: Myth, History, and Symbolic Imagery in Vergil’s Palinurus Incid (.) 4 For a clear description of the sacrificial ‘elements’ and ‘modes’ in Greek tragedy see J.H enrichs, “Drama and Dromena: Bloodshed, Violence, and Sacrificial Metaphor in Euripide (.) G irard, La Violence et le Sacré, Paris, 1972. 2 On this aspect of Greek tragedy see R.R eid, “Human Sacrifices at Rome and Oth (.) 1 For the evidence of actual human sacrifice in Rome see J.S. ![]() 9/28/2023 0 Comments Forspoken initial release date![]() ![]() The game, developed by Luminous Productions and published by Square Enix, opens in present-day New York City, a depiction that, even to a non-New Yorker like myself, feels less like New York and more like what an AI that has been fed Law & Order reruns and Tommy Wiseau’s The Room would produce. Suddenly, she spots a magical bracelet that is about to change her life.įrom the get-go, Forspoken’s tone feels unintentionally absurd. ![]() Alongside her cardboard decor, Frey has a few books ( Alice in Wonderland and a leather-bound hard copy of something called “Law and Order” are the most prominent) and a wall rack devoted to her beloved “kicks.” Her whole apartment promptly burns down, leading her to reflect on her life while leaning over the edge of the Crossroads Hotel as the clock strikes midnight on Christmas Day. (Hence her name.) After leaving the courtroom, Frey gets beat up by two women (one in leopard print, the other in camo) before returning to her barren, boarded-up apartment, where she has written her plan to leave New York on a piece of cardboard taped to the wall. Only in her case it wasn’t wise men who found her in Bethlehem, but firefighters in the Holland Tunnel. In that same scene, you learn that Frey, like the baby Jesus, had a mysterious birth. ![]() It begins a few days before the holiday, which, as it happens, is protagonist Frey Holland’s birthday, a fact you learn when the game forces you to review her printed-out arrest record in the first scene, where Frey stands in a New York City courtroom accused of grand larceny and resisting arrest. Forspoken, of all things, is a Christmas game. ![]() 9/28/2023 0 Comments Chess queen opening![]() ![]() Common White responses are 3.e4, 3.c4, and 3.g3.ġ.c5 is the Old Benoni Defence: this is a form of the Benoni Defence seldom used.ġ.Nc6 is the Queen's Knight Defense (or Mikenas Defense): this can usually transpose to the Chigorin Defense or the Nimzowitsch Defense. Black may respond 2.Nf6 for the King's Indian, or more commonly, 2.Bg7. 3.Nc3 and 3.e4 often lead to the Modern Defence, Averbakh System, as well as 2.d6. Then White's moves include 3.Nc3, 3.e4, and 3.Nf3. Black may play 2.Nf6 for the King's Indian Defence (same as 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6). White can play 2.e4 to enter the Modern Defence. Common White moves are 2.g3, 2.Nf3, and 2.c4.ġ.g6 is sometimes called the Modern Defence line. 2.c4 e5 is the Rat Defense, English Rat.ġ.f5 is the Dutch Defence. If White avoids this, 2.Nf3 or 2.c4 may lead to a King's Indian or Old Indian Defence, or Black may play 2.Bg4, sometimes called the Wade Defence (A41, see 1.d4 d6 2.Nf3 Bg4). This move also allows 2.e4 entering the Pirc Defence. A line that is unique to the 1.e6 move order is the Keres Defence, 1.d4 e6 2.c4 Bb4+. If White wants to continue with a Queen's Pawn Game however, 2.c4 and 2.Nf3 usually transpose to a familiar opening such as the Queen's Gambit Declined, Nimzo-Indian or Queen's Indian. This play allows White to play 2.e4, entering the French Defence. The Franco-Indian Defence is a chess opening characterized by the moves: 1.d4 e6. A Queen's Gambit may arise anyway if White plays c4 soon afterward, but lines like the Colle System and Torre Attack are also possible. White can also play 2.Nf3 which again is not specific as to opening. White's more common move is 2.c4, the Queen's Gambit, when Black usually chooses between 2.e6 ( Queen's Gambit Declined), 2.c6 ( Slav Defence) or 2.dxc4 ( Queen's Gambit Accepted). Also, a move like 2.Bg5 ( Hodgson Attack) is considered relatively harmless compared to 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 since there is no knight on f6 for the bishop to harass. 1.d5 is not any worse than 1.Nf6, but committing the pawn to d5 at once makes it somewhat less flexible since Black can no longer play the Indian Defences, although if Black is aiming for Queen's Gambit positions this may be of minor importance. A third alternative is the Trompowsky Attack with 2.Bg5.ġ.d5 ( Closed Game) also prevents White from playing 2.e4 unless White wants to venture the dubious Blackmar–Diemer Gambit. White can also play 2.Nf3, which like Black's move is not specific as to opening. ![]() Rarer tries include 2.e5 ( Budapest Gambit) and 2.d6 ( Old Indian Defence). Then Black usually plays 2.e6 (typically leading to the Nimzo-Indian, Queen's Indian, or Queen's Gambit Declined), 2.g6 (leading to the King's Indian or Grünfeld Defence), or 2.c5 (leading to the Benoni Defence or Benko Gambit). Since 1.Nf6 is a move that is likely to be made anyway, the move is a flexible response to White's first move. The opening usually leads to a form of Indian Defence, but can also lead to versions of the Queen's Gambit if Black plays. This move prevents White from establishing a full pawn centre with 2.e4. The Black responses given below are ranked in order of popularity according to ChessBase for FIDE-rated games. Eventually, through the efforts of the hypermodernists, the various Indian Defences (such as the King's Indian, Nimzo-Indian, and Queen's Indian) became more popular, and as these openings were named, the term "Queen's Pawn Game" narrowed further. The term "Queen's Pawn Game" was then narrowed down to any opening with 1.d4 which was not a Queen's Gambit. ![]() In the 19th century and early 20th century, 1.e4 was by far the most common opening move by White ( Watson 2006:87), while the different openings starting with 1.d4 were considered somewhat unusual and therefore classed together as "Queen's Pawn Game".Īs the merits of 1.d4 started to be explored, it was the Queen's Gambit which was played most often-more popular than all other 1.d4 openings combined. other Queen's Pawn Games, where Black plays neither 1.d5 nor 1.Nf6 these include the Dutch Defence ( ECO A40–A44 and A80–A99).Indian Defences, where Black plays 1.Nf6 ( ECO codes A45–A79, D70–D99, E00–E99) for instance the Queen's Indian Defence ( ECO E12–E19).Openings where Black does not play 1.d5 are called Semi-Closed Games and classified as: ![]() In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO), Closed Games (1.d4 d5) are classified under codes D00–D69.
9/28/2023 0 Comments Japan schooling system![]() ![]() For example, all Japanese students and teachers clean school buildings every week. Still, Japanese teachers endeavor to inculcate good character traits in students through the hidden curriculum. While a small amount of hours every year is devoted to moral education in the national curriculum, there is substantial anecdotal evidence that teachers do not take the instructional time too seriously and often use it for other purposes. The Japanese believe schools should teach not only academic skills but good character traits as well. Consequently, unlike many American teachers, almost all Japanese teachers finish their textbooks in an academic year. Japanese textbooks typically contain about half the pages of their American counterparts. The content of Japanese textbooks is based upon the national curriculum, while most American texts tend to cover a wider array of topics. Textbook content, length, and classroom utilization in Japan is quite different than in the United States. University-bound students may elect to take more or less social studies electives depending upon their career interests.Īll Japanese texts are written and produced in the private sector however, the texts must be approved by the Ministry of Education. In grades 3-12, there are separate civics, geography, Japanese and world history, sociology, and politics-economics courses. First- and second-grade students study social studies in an integrated science/social studies course. Since many Japan Digest readers are social studies teachers, a few words about those subjects are included here. Virtually every Japanese student takes English language courses from the seventh grade through the final year of high school. ![]() Japanese language instruction receives more attention in Japanese schools than English instruction in the United States because of the difficulty of learning written Japanese. Because Japanese teachers at all levels are better prepared in mathematics than their American counterparts, instruction in that subject is more sophisticated in Japan. schools, there are important differences. While the Japanese K-12 curriculum is actually quite similar in many respects to the curriculum of U.S. ![]() Japanese students spend at least six weeks longer in school each year than their American counterparts although Japan's school year was recently shortened when all required half-day Saturday public school attendance ended in 2002. Japanese schools have only two or three administrators, one of whom has some teaching responsibilities. Although more Japanese schools are acquiring specialists such as special education teachers and counselors, American schools have many more special subjects and support personnel than is the case in Japan. High salaries, relatively high prestige, and low birth rates make teaching jobs quite difficult to obtain in Japan while in the United States there are teacher shortages in certain fields. The percentage of national funding for high schools is quite low, with prefectures and municipalities assuming most of the costs for public high schools. Almost 90 percent of students attend public schools through the ninth grade, but over 29 percent of students go to private high schools. Municipalities and private sources fund kindergartens, but national, prefectural, and local governments pay almost equal shares of educational costs for students in grades one through nine. Control over curriculum rests largely with the national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( Monbukagakusho)Īnd education is compulsory through the ninth grade. ![]() Occupation after World War II, elementary and secondary education is more centralized than in the United States. Japanese K-12 Education.Įven though the Japanese adopted the American 6-3-3 model during the U.S. Comparable percentages of Japanese and American high school graduates now go on to some type of post-secondary institution. Some Japanese education specialists estimate that the average Japanese high school graduate has attained about the same level of education as the average American after two years of college. Currently over 95 percent of Japanese high school students graduate compared to 89 percent of American students. Recent statistics indicate that well over 95 percent of Japanese are literate, which is particularly impressive since the Japanese language is one of the world's most difficult languages to read and write. Although scores have slightly declined in recent years, Japanese students consistently rank among world leaders in international mathematics tests. Japan's greatest educational achievement is the high-quality basic education most young people receive by the time they complete high school. ![]() |
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